How did mRNA vaccines get made so fast, and win a Nobel Prize?

In late 2020, something almost unbelievable happened. A brand-new kind of vaccine went from "let's try it" to "here it is" in under a year — a job that usually takes a decade. How? Was it luck? Magic? A very large pot of coffee? Actually, the answer is a quiet idea that took thirty years to get right. Let's meet it.
First, a tiny tour of your body. Your cells are little factories that build proteins all day long — the stuff you're made of. And every protein starts as a recipe. That recipe is written on a slip of molecular paper called mRNA. Think of mRNA as a sticky note your DNA sends to the factory floor that says: "Build THIS, then throw me away."
