How does a microphone capture your voice?

You say "hello" and a microphone catches it — not like a net catching a butterfly, but something cleverer. Your voice becomes electricity, travels down a wire, and comes out of a speaker on the other side of the room. How does a microphone turn invisible sound into something a machine can use?
Start with what sound actually is: wiggling air. When you talk, your vocal cords vibrate hundreds of times per second, pushing air molecules forward in waves. Those waves spread outward like ripples on a pond, except they're traveling through the air in every direction. When the waves reach your ear, your eardrum wiggles, and you hear sound.
