Why are some places hot and others cold?

Stand outside right now. Are you warm? Cold? Somewhere in between? Now imagine a friend standing outside in Alaska, shivering in snow. Another friend in Kenya, sweating under the blazing sun. You're all on the same planet, at the same moment, feeling completely different temperatures. Why does Earth have hot spots and cold spots instead of being one big medium temperature everywhere?
The answer starts 93 million miles away: the Sun. It's Earth's heater, blasting energy in all directions like a cosmic bonfire. But here's the trick — Earth is a sphere, not a flat sheet. A sphere means the Sun's rays hit different parts of the planet at different angles, like flashlight beams shining on a ball.
